Articles
www.thelancet.com Published online November 4, 2009 DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61676-7 1
10-year effect of Oportunidades, Mexico’s conditional cash transfer programme, on child growth, cognition, language, and behaviour: a longitudinal follow-up study
Lia C H Fernald, Paul J Gertler, Lynnette M Neufeld
Summary
Background Mexico’s conditional cash transfer programme, Oportunidades, was started to improve the lives of poor families through interventions in health, nutrition, and education. We investigated the eff ect of Oportunidades on children almost 10 years after the programme began.
Methods
From April, 1998, to October, 1999, low-income communities were randomly assigned to be enrolled in Oportunidades immediately (early treatment, n=320) or 18 months later (late treatment, n=186). In 2007, when 1093 children receiving early treatment and 700 late treatment in these communities were aged 8–10 years, they were assessed for outcomes including physical growth, cognitive and language development, and socioemotional
development. The primary objective was to investigate outcomes associated with an additional 18 months in the programme. We used cluster-adjusted t tests and multivariate regressions to compare eff ects of programme participation for height-for-age, body-mass index (BMI), and cognitive language and behavioural assessment scores in early versus late treatment groups.
Findings
Early enrolment reduced behavioural problems for all children in the early versus late treatment group (mean behaviour problem score –0·09 [SD 0·97] vs 0·13 [1·03]; p=0·0024), but we identifi ed no diff erence between groups for mean height-for-age Z scores (–1·12 [0·96] vs –1·14 [0·97]; p=0·88), BMI-for-age Z scores (0·14 [0·99] vs 0·17 [1·06]; p=0·58), or assessment scores for language (98·8 [13·8] vs 98·4 [14·6] p=0·90) or cognition (98·8 [12·9] vs 100·2 [13·2]; p=0·26). An additional 18 months of the programme before age 3 years for children aged 8–10 years whose mothers had no education resulted in improved child growth of about 1·5 cm assessed as height-for-weight Z score (β 0·23 [0·023–0·44] p=0·029), independently of cash received.
Interpretation
An additional 18 months in the Oportunidades programme has independent beneficial effects other than money, especially for women with no formal education. The money itself also has significant effects on most outcomes, adding to existing evidence for interventions in early childhood.
Funding Mexican Ministry of Social Development and the National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development.